For fifty years, coffee prices have not risen for farmers. Despite, or because it being the second largest trade commodity after oil. Civil society and Fair Traders have been helpless for half a century. The best achievements are a few percent of Fair Trade and organic coffee.
But things can change now. Because Chido, an HIV AIDS orphan from Zimbabwe has come up with a solution to double or triple the farmers’ income by growing mushrooms on the coffee “waste“. Is it new? No. ZERI had its own pavillion at the Universal World Exposition expo2000, in Hanover, Germany.
But – obviously no one really cared. Now, Chido and Gunter have teamed up to take the solutions to global scale. And we want you to join. Because it’s about 50 million people. Find out how.
By Payal Bhatnagar for Youth Leader Magazine
With each day the gap seems to stretch. The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. Seldom do people volunteer to make a difference in the lives of the underprivileged. In fact very few think about them. But there is a big reason to smile now.
Visionaries and eco-entrepreneurs like Gunter Pauli believe in innovations which are entirely focused towards the poor. Innovations that are aimed towards making the best use of what we already have´: I am referring to the remarkable and MEGA SOLUTION of
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MUSHROOM FARMING ON COFFEE PULP.
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This innovation was aimed at pulling the poor out of the threshold of disappearing. It gave many a life and continues to do so. But how does this all work?
Zero Emissions Research Initiatives (ZERI) foundation and its remarkable solution of the “Pulp to Protein” program provides employment, nutritious diet and most of all the security of sustenance to those who need it most around the world.
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The ZERI Foundation
Gunter Pauli
The ZERI foundation was created by Gunter Pauli under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Heitor Gurgulino de Souza, then Rector of UNU on April 6, 1994. This foundation offers sustainable solutions and is targeted towards converting the numerous concepts and scientific knowledge available into tangible projects.
ZERI denotes that there is no liquid, gaseous or solid waste in nature.
Gunter looks at everything as nature, – and uses whatever is considered waste from one cycle as resource for another. Out come remarkable economic breakthroughs! The solutions for coffee farmers in one of many others.
These inputs are used in production to achieve a complete output of „recycled“ goods. Any waste is further used by industries to achieve a total throughput. ZERI emphasizes on value addition at each stage to avoid any waste in the input-output cycle.
ZERI’s principle: Zero Emissions Means Zero Waste.
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ZERI’s initiative:
Under-developed or developing nations which have a higher number of rural populations suffer from low incomes, job insecurities and malnutrition. Many of these countries have vast agricultural waste which can be transformed into resources/value-added products that can improve their problems. Mushrooms can be readily grown on agricultural crop residues (waste wood, saw dust), forestry biomass wastes and grass straw. These wastes are bountiful in Africa’s savannah ecologies. Growing mushrooms on these substrates can give faster investment returns and generate millions of jobs, especially for women and youth.
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One of ZERI’s initiatives which started more than fifteen years ago was a program called “PULP TO PROTEIN” in Colombia using coffee waste.
A coffee bean is made of only 5% of the coffee “cherry”. The left over is the coffee pulp, usually considered a waste which can be used as a substrate for growing mushrooms. ZERI helped coffee farms utilize their coffee pulp by growing mushrooms on them.
Usually, mushrooms take around 9 months to fruit on hardwoods like oak since these trees have to be first harvested, beached and transformed into artificial logs. However, as coffee is rich in caffeine it was found that shiitake mushrooms (rich in protein) grew three times faster in ‘coffee waste’ than normally.
It was also 80% more energy efficient as it saved the process of making substrates for mushroom cultivation.
Further, any waste left could be used as animal feed due to its richness in amino acids (especially lysine) or used as compost for other plant or vegetable crops.
Also, the mushroom spores convert the mulch into a fibre-rich feed which can be used as animal feed (goats and other livestock). The animal dung can again be composted for nurturing supplementary food crops. This loop signifies a complete “ZERO WASTE” solution. It is also important to note that the mulch prevents emissions of methane (a powerful greenhouse gas) by utilizing the agricultural waste from coffee production.
The “Pulp to Protein” program was aimed at fighting malnutrition and created thousands of jobs in Colombia.
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Watch it here: The Blue Economy: The Coffee Mushrooms Project:
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Gunter has compiled 100 similar innovations in his book “The Blue Economy”. Not green, but blue, truly in tune with the natural, scientific laws of Planet Earth. You can view a video on their site as well at www.blueeconomy.eu/m/videos/view/Case-3-Coffee_en
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“Fungi…are the primary governors of ecological equilibrium.”
Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running
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Carmenza Jaramillo and Ivanka Milenkovic
Carmenza Jaramillo
Ivanka Milenkovic
Following Paul Stamet’s recognition, Carmenza Jaramillo (a Latino entrepreneur) and Ivanka Milenkovic (Professor at the University of Belgrade, Serbia) created their own mushrooms farms by using coffee waste.
A sustainable model of using coffee waste along with converting methane producing biomass into the fungi – mushroom was used. And by 2009, over 100 firms had implemented this business model in El Huila (Colombia) thereby creating jobs, revenues and food. The market for tropical mushrooms then expanded from Colombia to Serbia.
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ZERI hopes to create jobs by employing this program throughout the 25 million coffee farms all over the world, thereby creating a total of 50 million ‘blue’ jobs.
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Also, 16 million tons of animal feed can be generated through this process, annually – another very important fact for often food resource poor coffee farm environments. This model will also assist in plunging the requirement for hardwood trees; and erase the categorization caused due to the increasing mushroom consumption by vegans and connoisseurs.
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Chido Govero and her global movement:
Chido Govero
Chido Govero, an orphan from Zimbabwe was struggling to make both ends meet for her family. Life took a turn when she was one of the few chosen to learn the art of mushroom farming under a ZERI foundation scholarship.
Chido, while studying wild mushrooms understood their potential as a regular supply of food and nutritious diet adding to food security. She undertook mushroom farming by converting leaves, water hyacinth, dead tree branches, coffee pulp and corncobs into a substrate. She then set up her own business of mushroom farming on coffee waste.
This business created jobs, a secure income and food security for homeless orphan girls and women reeling under poverty. Along with this, Chido also helped in controlling AIDS in Africa.
By April 2009 Chido had trained her first dozen assistants and has been determined to reach out and network throughout Africa to create millions of jobs and to stamp hunger out of the continent with what is locally available.
Chido is known to have “green” fingers, which implies farming more mushrooms on less substrate than anyone else. Chido also runs ‘Orphan Teaches Orphans’ (a ZERI program) as she believes that the best way to escape abuse is when girls can provide for their own food security.
In 2006, at the Youth Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Summit held in Nairobi, Kenya, Chido reached out to the orphans and other audiences saying
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“I am like you, left alone and abused.
But, If I can do this – then you can do it!”
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Watch Chido’s story on http://chidos.org/chido.html
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“The future of Africa is much brighter than we could have ever imagined before,”
says Gunter Pauli. Efforts have been taken to support Chido in coffee-growing nations.
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Hear what Gunter has to say about Chido’s work.
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Chido’s efforts in Tanzania
In 2009, fifty women in the remote village of Kigoma, Tanzania were taught nutritious mushroom farming by Chido. She was brought to Kanyovu Coffee Cooperative in Tanzania by the efforts of ZERI, Sustainable Harvest and Equator Coffees of California. Chido demonstrated the use of creating the coffee pulp as a substrate and the process of cultivating mushrooms on them. According to a trainee,
“I had no idea you could grow mushrooms–I thought you could only gather them wild from the forest. People like mushrooms, and in the dry season they can’t find them. They will be amazed!”
This Mushroom Pilot Project was targeted towards food insecurity and malnutrition in the rural village. Chido observed, “These women are very quick learners. I just stood back and let them help each other, and they worked through all the steps themselves.”
There more about this training at http://blog.sustainableharvest.com/?p=566
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Chido’s efforts worldwide
Chido has gone on to train women in India (Jhansi), Colombia (Manizales, Bogotá and El Huila) and Kufunda Village (Zimbabwe). By 2009 Chido began mushroom farming in Zimbabwe (Karoi and Chipinge), Kenya, Cameroon, South Africa, Congo and the USA.
She went on to secure more than 600 livelihoods in villages in Zimbabwe along with training 2500 women from more than 100 villages in Ghana. She has also used her resources to build a mushroom house in Kufunda Village. Operational since 2010, this building is used as a training centre, local farming unit, a laboratory for tissue culture and mycelium production.
Under the guidance of Chido, numerous rural villages like the Kufunda learning village in Harare have constructed mushroom units. The communities have benefitted by learning the sustainable model of nutritious mushrooms that can be grown for self and the market thereby creating food security and income generation.
Gunter’s Blue Economy oriented consulting company Konvergenta, Dr. Joana Breidenbach Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH (both from Germany) and Chido Govero came together in 2010 to promote mushroom cultivation and combat poverty and malnutrition through their venture Chido UG.
This association trains their international network of partners on the sustainable business model of producing and selling mushrooms. Apart from regular training sessions in many countries of Africa, teams have already been built in countries of Mexico, India, Malaysia, Spain, The Netherlands, Great Britain, Austria, Hungary and the US. The latest to join in is Germany and Austria.
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In Berlin, Germany, mushrooms can be ordered through this site:
If you wish to become a partner of Chido UG, contact:
http://chidos.org/partner/network-of-partners.html
The benefits? Here they are:
http://chidos.org/partner/benefits.html
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Equator Coffees + Chido Govero: where Fair Trade unites with Environmental Effectiveness
Moving on to the next level, Equator Coffees – a California based coffee wholesaler headed by Brooke McDonnell and Helen Russell created a new mixture of beans called Chido’s Blend in 2009.
Russell had heard of Chido’s story at the SCAA Award Ceremony in Atlanta: “How an orphan trains orphans converting pulp to protein”. And when Chido visited the team in San Rafael, California, a whole new mixture of coffee beans was created by the team known as ‘Chido’s Blend.’ “Chido is an inspiration to all women entrepreneurs who work for social change,” says Helen.
Chido’s Blend not only promotes coffee and the export of this cash crop from Africa, but 100% of the profits from sales create more cash for Equator and Chido (Equator buys coffee from Zimbabwean farms).
Russell and McDonnell deal directly with growers. They have purchased their own farm in Panama which will provide microcredit loans to farmers thereby supporting the local economy.
“We have a deep respect for the farmers’ work that translates into paying a fair price for our coffee, supporting farm projects and focusing on delivering a quality cup that does justice to their efforts.”
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Production of mushrooms in different ways around the world thereby alleviating poverty sustainably….
Bernard Bempah
Ghana:
The best example of all is Bernard Bempah. Bernard trains farmers (mostly women) on Oyster mushroom farming in Ghana, West Africa. Instead of using coffee, he uses composted sawdust and has been able to alleviate scores of poor out of poverty. He also started BemCom Youth Enterprises/Association(www.BemCom.org) to uplift people from poverty (400-600 farmers are given training in a year by BemCom).
The average income of a farmer was less than $1 a day.
But with Bernard’s efforts, the income has risen to $2 to $10 and more a day helping over 3000 farmers.
BemCom farmers make about 3700 oyster mushroom bags a week. His company has also been given rights to produce spawn and intends to introduce shiitake mushrooms to farmers of northern Ghana as Ghanaian farmers lack protein in their diet.
Bernard says, “I am deeply grateful for the support for my trip. If we can get the laboratory equipment to make spawn, it will change the mushroom industry in Ghana.“
Bernard Bempah has also been training farmers for 12 years in producing honey, rabbit, snail and grass cutter apart from mushrooms. Freedom from poverty: http://www.mushroomsinghana.org/
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Woman harvesting oyster mushrooms
Other projects in Ghana:
The links below provide the ways in which the diet of 18 million Ghanaians can be significantly improved along with alleviating poverty in this African region. It stresses on using fish and wood as substrates for growing oyster mushrooms.
http://www.visbdev.net/visbdev/fe/Docs/mushrom.pdf
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Tanzania:
Janet Orono
In the Hai district of Kiliminjaro, Northeast Tanzania, crop residues from maize husk, rice straws and banana leaves are being used as substrates for oyster mushroom farming. It is being looked at as ways of poverty alleviation and increasing nutrition levels. The Kiliminjaro highlands were a region rich in growing banana and coffee. But with unreliable rain and coffee prices reducing farmers were pushed to poverty.
However, with the help of FARM-Africa’s Maendeleo Agricultural Technology Fund (MATF) through the Horticultural Research Institute Tengeru (Horti-Tengeru) trainings were
conducted on growing mushrooms in 2005. This alleviated more than 300 farmers out of poverty.
Due to trading of mushrooms, farmers can now buy livestock, children’s school fees can be paid along with buying household items.
Also, farmers expanded mushroom production and by 2006, farmers were selling locally, to hotels and supermarkets in Arusha and Moshi.
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According to Gadiel Munisi, a farmer from the district and member of the Jikomboe mushroom group has realised the benefits of participating in the project.
“Horti-Tengeru facilitated my participation in various workshops, where I was trained in various marketing skills over the last one year.
I now co-ordinate our group’s marketing activities. Our efforts are already being rewarded through better food for our families and more money. We are happy the way things have turned out.”
www.new-ag.info/07/03/focuson/focuson2.php
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Kenya
Due to the high cost of mushrooms, Kenyans have found another way to market their mushrooms. They make mushroom based porridge flour (using oyster and shiitake mushrooms along with amaranth and sorghum). Reishi teas and coffees (based on reishi mushrooms) are the latest value added products introduced by Mr Justus Wambua of Biosafe technologies, a mushrooms growing firm.
However, Kenya is still reeling with the lack of technical knowledge, equipment process and packaging and the ways to advertise their products.
“People don’t want to take the fresh mushrooms but are consuming it when sold to them in processed forms,”
says Mr Ngunyo Gitonga, a mushroom farmer in Nyeri town. Hence, the need to switch to value-added products. He adds that though the market is good, there is lack of information amongst farmers and the equipment costs are high for farmers to afford. www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=20069#SlideFrame_1
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Karoi
Orphans teaching orphans…mushroom farming being undertaken in Karoi, Zimbabwe, Africa. Mushroom growing project:
Gunter Pauli on this project:
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Nairobi
In Nairobi, the water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipis) has been looked at as a substrate for growing mushrooms.
This experiment was first demonstrated by Professor S.T. Chang (Chinese University of Hong Kong). It was then run-through by Margaret Tagwira, a laboratory technician – African University of Mutare in Zimbabwe whose work has been supported by ZERI and the United Nations Development Programme. Earlier only the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) species was grown in Africa; but with the use of water hyacinth, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus) and the wild Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucida) are being grown as well. Mushroom cultivation is being looked upon as an agri-business and a rich source of protein conveying a nutritious diet in more than 8 countries in the African continent. www.new-ag.info/03-3/develop/dev04.html
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Namibia
Along with the United Nations, banks and other research centres, ZERI began mushroom farming projects using wood derived substrates in Namibia in 2000. ZERI has been conducting sessions in various regions of Namibia such as Tulongeni project in Henties Bay, Okaku community, women in Wanahed (Katutura), Gobabis and Mariental where women, youth, disabled and Osiree refugees were trained in mushroom farming on local substrates. Mushroom houses were built along with training in using good quality cultures and spawns. www.unam.na/centres/zeri/current_namibia.html
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Thailand
In the eastern parts of Thailand, mushroom cultivation has been taught to the disabled by the FAO regional office of Asia and Pacific to increase their self-esteem and become independent. They undertake bookkeeping and developing marketing strategy activities. Some trainees have become trainers while training their other family members who support them thereby adding to household income.
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United States of America
US based couple Nicola MacPherson and her husband, Daniel Hellmuth, have been growing shiitake mushroom for more than nine years in Missouri Ozarks on three acres. The sales are usually to restaurants, catering companies and gift catalogues. Their mushrooms carry the USDA organic seal.
Other projects of mushroom farming are currently run in the San Francisco Bay area, but these green entrepreneurs are merely thriving on this idea as their own funky business or luxury item rather than looking at it as a larger picture of improving the lives of millions of poor farmers. It would be great if the people in this business begin to look at it a way of pulling the poor out of poverty and expand awareness about this mega solution.
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Mushroom cultivation is playing a significant role in refocusing the world towards sustainability.
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The coffee and mushroom market.
The cultivation of this fungus has proven to be a boon in reducing poverty of coffee growing farmers who earn low wages.
Mushrooms are high value marketable products especially in impoverished areas; not overlooking the increasing value of gourmet mushrooms worldwide. They are extremely rich in nutrition and possess medicinal compounds. They can be managed by a family or community and the starting agricultural material (coffee beans which are usually thrown away) can be utilized. Further, the compost after growing mushrooms can again be used in agriculture thereby creating a zero-waste solution.
The movement of the program from South Africa to America has provided all human wants along the way– a community providing food, employment, and sense of worth.
In nutritional terms, mushrooms are extremely rich in vitamins, minerals and proteins. Medicinally too, they can be used in health tonics and tinctures. Income is created through local, regional and national trade along with mushroom usage in drying and pickling. Their cash flow can prevent the poor falling back in poverty due to the spread of income and higher nutrition. Also, this sustains livelihood as mushroom cultivation can be done by the old, women and the disabled thereby giving them financial independence and respect.
The mushroom market has risen beyond $17 billion in year 2008, mainly due to mushrooms being extremely rich in protein (from 1969 to 2009, mushroom production has increased to about 10 times). Hence, a high consumption of mushrooms can not only increase sales by $2.3 billion but also boost an improvement in the diet of US and Europe. After a slowdown of mushroom production and demand in 2009, the imports and exports of mushroom rose in US in 2010. The export increased to $36.9 million and the imports increased to $111.8 million, an increase of $28million from 2009. Canada and Japan too saw an increase in the mushroom exports. The demand and supply of mushrooms is expected to increase in the coming years.
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Coffee
In 2009, the consumption of coffee was 126 million bags. Usually, 99.7% of coffee waste is discarded during the process of harvesting, processing, roasting and brewing (12 million tonnes approx. is the agricultural waste).
This coffee fritter is extremely rich in caffeine and usually decomposes giving rise to methane gas adding to climate change.
Due to the economic downturn, consumer based products have seen a downfall in demand barring the coffee market which continues to thrive. In 2010, the coffee consumption was 135 million bags and in 2011, the world consumption for coffee has risen by almost 2% amounting to 136.5 million bags due to rising consumers and a demand from the emerging markets. Check out the exports and imports of coffee over the years where the exports and imports have both declined from 2010 to 2012:
Exports: www.ico.org/prices/m1.htm Imports: www.ico.org/prices/m4.htm
The total production of exporting countries has seen a rise from 128 million bags in 2006 to 130 million bags in 2011. The average price of roasted coffee saw a very small rise from 1990 to 1999. However, from 2000 to 2010, there has been a significant rise in the price of coffee.
Despite this, coffee growing farmers have not benefitted. For e.g. the family income of an Ethiopian farmer is around USD 400 a year, with coffee farmers earning even less. This is mainly due to climatic changes, low yields (poor soil) and lack of technical knowledge.
Total production (1990 to 1999): www.ico.org/historical/1990-99/PDF/TOTPRODUCTION.pdf
Total production (2000 to 2011): www.ico.org/historical/2000+/PDF/TOTPRODUCTION.pdf
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The Switch to Organic Coffee
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Organic and non-organic coffee is grown differently hence affect the environment and the conditions of farmers in dissimilar ways.
Organic coffee is usually grown under shades of trees which block sun’s harsh rays. This ensures flocking of migratory birds which keep insects away and prevents soil corrosion (as there is no use of pesticides). Using organic materials ensures better crop thereby better health; mulching with these materials conserves water and decreases the need for irrigation thereby cleaner water and provides overall better well-being for the community. Citrus and fruit-bearing trees can be grown in the upper story (diversification). This provides organic mulch for vegetation and healthy food for the community.
However, inorganic coffee is grown without shades and treated with chemicals to ward off insects and pests. These pesticides then make their way through the coffee roots into the groundwater thereby contaminating water which further has an adverse effect on farmers (as farmers are unaware of the pesticides killing lakes and streams). This also gives rise to coffee farmers’ developing respiratory defects and cancer and their children suffer from birth defects. Organic coffee also does not demand a cutting of forests. However, this is required for growing inorganic coffee under full sun. Lack of technical know-how, deforestation and use of pollutants on crops damage their families’ health and cause lack of good food and water.
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Did you know? Industrial coffee farming is so toxic that it pollutes the drinking water. So, these poor people even lose their drinking water and suffer from health problems. Organic coffee solves it. If you check prices in stores, you can find organic coffee that costs no more or only a dollar more per pack. That’s about one cent per cup! Hey, When I learned this, I changed for organic coffee!
Will you?
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Did you know?
Drinking and producing coffee requires a lot of water. For producing one drop of coffee, more than 1100 drops of water is required. For drinking coffee, the world requires about 110 billion cubic metres of water per year! You don’t understand that number, right. Here it is for human beings: For one cup, that’s 120 litres. Ugh.
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Fair Trade:
Fair Trade in coffee asserts in farmers getting their due.
They can compete directly in the global marketplace with their harvest with international buyers and ensure a sustainable livelihood by receiving a fair price for their products. This affects their families, consumers, industry and the world beneficially. But with fair trade, farmers can lift themselves up from poverty and provide for education, healthcare and a better life for their families. They can also work under safe and fair conditions and include their fair trade premiums in quality training.
This new business model of “Pulp to Protein” program can help flourish the coffee shops to mushroom growing farming in countries from Istanbul, Cairo to Hawaii, Indonesia and Cameroon and Jamaica. Tea from India and Kenya and apple orchards from Chile and South Africa could also gear up to this farming model. All they are waiting for is a whole bunch of young entrepreneurs to take up the experiment. Do you want to be a part of creating a good health for all? Think about it…
And then, take action. It’s so easy!
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Take Action!
Inform your parents, school teachers and company canteen about coffee, water and price. Have them change their coffee. Good coffee. And maybe less, too.
Raise funds: Development banks and citizens can raise funds for setting up mushroom houses in rural villages.
Coffee companies: Get involved socially…Fair trade can be profitable for you and the coffee farmers.
ZERI: In consultation with ZERI, coffee companies can help farmers and can also get their own coffee brand.
Consumers: Switch to organic coffee and help millions of farmers get out of poverty.
Schools: Children and Youth – Go ahead and raise funds for millions of poor farmers, so THEY can set up mushroom farming.
It takes USD 25,000 for a coffee producing region to get started, setting up mushroom centres, teraining… A school can raise this easily, and then even establish a direct Fair Trade brand with their partner nregion. You can make exchanges, and be welcome as friends and allies along with your families, be it for volunteer trips or eco-cultural visits.
This is a very exciting opportunity to be the change.
You can replicate one of the most powerful solutions for lifting 100 million people out of poverty and clean up an industry that’s been dirty for half a century.
By setting such an example, you can easily get on local news, even over half a year, if building up a campaign. Even more if one of your school takes the trip to visit the community on site! That’s tens of thousands of readers and viewers in your local media – including students, teachers and citizens to follow your example! If you wish to embark on this avantgarde adventure, let us know.
You can engage in a 3-pronged approach.
So everyone of your students can do what they like best! Activities can include from fundraising, video dialogue, NGO networking, local media work, public speaking and mobilisation, flash mobs, freeze mobs, social media campaigns, social experiments, local farming experiment, setting up and developing a new social business! making real money, student company development, big advocacy and pressure campaigns .
This is a big and powerful social business solution that is yet hardly tapped at all, and it is so important!
We love working with passionate school youth and teachers. And we’ll love to help people get out of poverty, change the coffee industry and empower you to be changemakers and have the most awesome school years to come!
Together with YL tools, you can conquer local media to involve and mobilise citizens and schools to join in raising the approximate $25,000 needed to empower a coffee planting region to set up mushroom farming.
You can – and should – also start a coffee-mushroom planting project in school, and – why not – even replicate the new business model of collecting used coffee grounds from local businesses and start a mushroom business. It works in Berlin and the San Francisco Bay Area, why shouldn’t it work in your city?
It’s fun and has potential for a student company model, too. It’s up to you.
Are you up to develop and run an advocacy campaign to coffee companies for at last take responsibility in spreading this solution to their countless coffee production partners? Even if they don’t invest money, their position of power and communication makes the reponsible for promoting and facilitating replication of this solution that can alleviate global poverty by a remarkable percentage!
NGOs, Rotary clubs, philanthropists, development organisations – Please get involved. It’s about the people of this world who deserve a better standard of living.
Corporates: This is your call for entering into social business. Get involved and assist in trainings for thousands which could trigger millions of trainings required for mushroom cultivation and raising the standards of the poor.
Spread this mega solution, aid and uplift millions of farmers reeling under poverty, and create employment and self-respect entailing a world of happiness.
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About the Author
Payal Bhatnagar is a freelance writer who is passionate about making a positive impact in the society through her work. Her writing expertise lies in various subjects such as travel, education and careers, history, flora and fauna, health etc. With a Masters in Business Administration and corporate sector exposure behind her, she always had the desire to volunteer and help people which led to write for the YL magazine. A busy mother of a beautiful daughter, she likes to read in her free time. payal.bhatnagar.youthleader@gmail.com
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